References

Bessemoulin, P., P. Bougeault, A. Genoves, A. Jansa Clar, and D. Puech. 1993: Mountain pressure drag during PYREX. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 66, 305-325.

Bougeault, P., I. Beau, and J. Stein, 1992. Validation of meteorological models and parametrizations with observations of the PYREX field experiment. In: Validation of models over Europe, 7-11 September 1992, Reading, ECMWF, 247-285.

Bougeault, P.and R. Benoit, 1992. La Base de Données PYREX. CNRM/GMME, Toulouse, 128pp.

Bougeault, P., A. Jansa Clar, J.L. Attié, I. Beau, B. Bénech, R. Benoit, P. Bessemoulin, J.L. Caccia, J. Campins, B. Carissimo, J.L. Champeaux, M. Crochet, A. Druilhet, P. Durand, A. Elkhalfi, P. Flamant, A. Genoves, M. Georgelin, K.P. Hoinka, V. Klaus, E. Koffi, V. Kotroni, C. Mazaudier, J. Pelon, M. Petitdidier, Y. Pointin, D. Puech, E. Richard, T. Satomura, J. Stein, and D. Tannhauser, 1993: The atmospheric momentum budget over a major mountain range: First results of the PYREX field program. Annales Geophysicae 11, 395-418.

Bougeault, P., A. Jansa Clar, B. Bénech, B. Carissimo, J. Pelon, and E. Richard, 1990: Momentum budget over the Pyrénées: The PYREX experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 806-818.

Caccia, J.L., B. Benech, V. Klaus, and D. Tannhauser, 1994: Mountain wave stationarity condition changes observed by ST VHF radar during the IOP3 of the PYREX experiment. In: 23. Internationale Tagung fur Alpine Meteorologie, 5.-9. September 1994, Lindau, 163-166.

Georgelin M., E. Richard, M. Petitdidier, and A. Druilhet, 1994: Impact of subgrid scale orography parameterization on the simulation of orographic flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1509-1522.

Koffi, E.N., 1994: Caractérisation Expérimentale de l'Ecoulement Atmosphérique autour d'un Massif Montagneux (Expérience PYREX). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Sabatier, 213pp.

Satomura, T. and P. Bougeault, 1994: Numerical simulation of lee wave events over the Pyrénées. J. Met. Soc. Jap., 72, 173-195.

4. The Design Proposal of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme

The publication of a detailed and consolidated planning document is usually the milestone which marks the transition from the 'brain-storming phase' of evolving ideas and scientific objectives to the 'working phase' dedicated to pursuing the objectives and organizing the project. The MAP Design Proposal became available early in February. Its content is summarized and discussed below.

A colourful and complex cover figure stirs the curiosity of everybody who is about to open the document (see Fig. 1 for a black/white version). Red and green tongues emanate from white areas depicting the Alps and the Pyrenées on a computer-generated flow chart of central Europe, which also shows a closed cyclone at a longitude intermediate to both mountain ranges. The caption on the backside tells us that the tongues represent positive and negative anomalies of potential vorticity at the 850 hPa level. The figure nicely illustrates some of the themes which are central to MAP: Three-dimensional circulation patterns in the vicinity of large mountain ranges, the mesoscale modification of synoptic scale circulations through the Alps, and the geographical relation of the Alps to the simpler shaped Pyrenées, which have been the focus of the last European mountain meteorological campaign (PYREX 1990).